• Arms Control and Proliferation
• The World Economy
• Population-Environment-Development
• Instruments and Institutions

II. Crisis and Change in Latin America

2. The end of the Cold War offers a unique opportunity to press ahead with dramatic arms reductions. Yet it also presents new dangers of nuclear proliferation and, paradoxically, new excuses for inaction. The bipolar world of Yalta which so dominated international affairs for the last 45 years has given way to a period of volatility and unpredictability exacerbated by the break-up of the Soviet Union and uncertainty about security implications. Far from justifying footdragging such developments make disarmament all the more imperative. For without such moves the rationale which lies behind proliferation will be strengthened.

3. At a minimum the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), due for review in 1995, must be broadened and extended for a further 25 years. Furthermore, it must be implemented in its entirety. Adherence to Article II under which the non-nuclear weapons states undertake not to possess, develop or transfer nuclear arms must be balanced by a commitment by the nuclear weapons states to honour article VI under which they have pledged themselves to move towards the objective of general and complete disarmament under strict and efficient international control. Indeed in the world of the 21st century, Article VI may prove as crucial to the future of non-proliferation as Article II has proved in the past.

5. Current agreements between the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), when fully implemented, will still leave 15 to 20 thousand nuclear warheads in their arsenals with thousands more in the hands of the other nuclear powers. It is time that the nuclear powers publicly address the question of whether non-nuclear security is meant only for the non-nuclear states or whether it is not time to proceed towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons worldwide.

6. In the short-term, the nuclear weapons states should commit themselves to signing a treaty on the non-first use of nuclear weapons; subscribing to the principle of complete prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons and the principle to a total nuclear test ban. As a long-term objective, the nuclear weapons states should unambiguously commit themselves to the elimination of all nuclear weapons under strict and efficient international control.

7. As witnessed by the situation currently facing the CIS, the destruction and dismantling of nuclear weapons will require international co-operation both in the technical and the financial field. Scientific co-operation over research into new processes of decommissioning should also be fostered at the international level.

8. Efforts to eliminate biological and chemical weapons should be intensified.

9. Despite the end of the Cold War, the arms trade today is expanding. Developed and developing countries are each culpable. But the moral and political responsibility for curbing the arms trade lies in the main with the five permanent members of the Security Council, who at the same time happen to be the greatest weapons exporters. They must take the lead in imposing strict limits on the export of armaments and immediately stop the export of weapons to areas of armed conflict.

11. The world economy faces a daunting agenda for action: protection of the environment, development assistance, alleviation of poverty, the reconstruction of countries in Central and Eastern Europe as well as of those on the territory of the former Soviet Union, decommissioning of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, conversion of military production, dismantling of structurally dangerous nuclear power plants. Yet this enumeration is far from being exhaustive. All these challenges call for substantive funds.

12. At the same time, there is sluggish economic growth well below capacities and even recession. Growth opportunities remain untapped. Idle capacities and the de-industrialization in the former command economies have resulted in growing levels of unemployment and the immensely complicated conversion of military industries to civilian purposes may result in further unemployment.

13. On top of this critical transition process, two of the three wealthiest economies of the world, the United States of America and Germany, after unification, have remained or become capital importers, whereas the queue of those seeking capital has dramatically grown. National interests and agendas have shifted aid away from traditional recipients, e.g. the Third World. The scarcity of available funds as a result of savings shortages worldwide will produce high real interest rates on the long end of the financial markets for the foreseeable future.

14. Since World War II, international trade has been a locomotive for growth. The InterAction Council urges all political leaders to break the stalemate at the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement of Trade and tariffs (GATT). Agreement must be reached on drastic reductions of subsidies and other protectionist measures, notably though not exclusively in agriculture. This is a matter of utmost urgency.

All OECD countries, particularly the United States, the European Communities (EC) and Japan, must open their markets to agricultural goods and textiles from the developing world, which may encourage sustainable and mutual growth.

The world can ill afford that those free trade regions now emerging (e.g. the EC, the North American Free Trade Area, similar endeavours in Latin America) develop into trade fortresses undermining the multilateral trading system. Striking a comprehensive deal in the Uruguay Round on the basis of the draft under negotiation will yield global growth, and open the opportunity for further negotiations on trading goods like services.

15. To increase substantially the availability of funds major undustrialized countries should pursue policies to increase public savings dramatically. National political agendas have to be changed towards sustained growth plus higher rates of savings. In particular, Germany must restore its status as a capital exporter. At long last the United States must tackle its deficits and halt a reverse to its growing indebtedness. For some years, the world has lived with the timebomb of the US debt. The threat of an explosion is continuously with us.

16. The CIS countries and other countries hitherto under a command economy have forcefully turned to a Western type of economy. Their expectations of huge financial support from OECD countries for their reconstruction efforts are unrealistic in the face of a worldwide credit crunch. They would be well advised to put more confidence in their abilities and resources as a more reliable and inevitable basis for the transition process. A larger, mutually advantageous cooperation between CIS countries and all other parts of the world, including the former member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), could be the best help to their development.

17. Today, nearly all markets and particularly the financial markets, have become globalized. But globalized controls or agreements on common standards for financial operations are insufficient. As a consequence, there has been an increase in corruption and financial scandals all over the world to an unprecedented degree. National supervisory agencies ought to be strengthened. International financial markets need international supervision. This task mainly lies with the OECD countries.

18. This century has established the principle of economic and monetary cooperation organized in the main through a system of multilateralism. Even if this principle now faces its most important challenge, it remains valid, must be maintained and its applications must be courageously broadened.

20. Population growth, ecological degradation, global warming, energy needs, production and consumption patterns, poverty and the level of development are inextricably linked. Yet, the overarching population issue is not given the place it deserves on the summit agenda.

21. If the world's present population of 5.5 billion continues to grow at its present pace, it will double every 40 years. If future generations are to enjoy at least the same opportunities as the present generation, it will take entirely new development strategies to achieve all that if we are to avoid pushing the planet beyond critical thresholds. In the developing world, more than one billion people already live under conditions of absolute poverty.

22. Unless population growth can be stabilised in the developing world, poverty will become increasingly acute. If ODA is not significantly increased above present levels, it will then be rendered irrelevant. Each developing country must

23. Where developing countries give priority to family planning within their own budgetary resources, the industrialised countries, for their part, should provide substantial additional assistance.

24. To mitigate global warming, industrialized countries must pursue measures of energy saving and ecologically less harmful patterns of energy production and consumption. They also should commit themselves to a collaborative programme in research and development of renewable energy resources, such as photovoltaics/solar energy, biomass and wind. The arrangements for the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries should be facilitated. For their part, the developing countries should commit themselves to less harmful patterns of energy production and consumption. The industrialised countries should provide new and additional resources to assist developing countries in pursuing policies of sustainable development, as has been stated by the OECD Ministers in a Communique in December 1991.

25. The conclusion at Rio of three effective international conventions - on global warming, biodiversity and global deforestation which are interlinked - would have been a signpost for sustainable energy and economic policies. While the Rio summit appears to fall short in these areas, a global awareness process may well have been set in motion. In all areas, however, accelerating action must follow. The establishment of an independent World Commission on Forests with a well-defined timetable may contribute to practical steps in one of these areas.

27. The international community needs effective institutions, mechanisms and legal instruments. All of the above mentioned measures will remain abstract unless supported by practical and institutional arrangements. It is evident that in the post-Cold War era, the main task of the United Nations will remain the traditional role of peace keeping and enforcement of actions decided by the Security Council.

28. In the field of environment, population and development, there is no international forum specifically entrusted with decision making at the multilateral level. A number of proposals have been made, including the restructuring of the Economic and Social Council (Ecosoc), the entrusting of those problems to the Security Council, or even to the International Court of Justice. The InterAction Council urges governments to assign these areas to a powerful organ within the United Nations or to create a new organization outside the United Nations system.

30. Latin America - some 450 million people representing more than 8% of world population - has been in social, economic and political crisis. Despite a democratic rejuvenation, the democratic systems are undergoing extreme strain as a result of problems arising from the political and economic transition process. Traditional policy instruments or approaches alone no longer suffice. A new Latin American strategy of development is already underway. This strategy aims to attain sustainable development. It is based on the improvement of public finances, on the opening of the economy, on the reform of the State, on renewed approaches to environmental and social problems, and on the reinforcement of respect for human rights. For consideration of this subject, the InterAction Council had before it a report by Mrs. Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo on the results and recommendations of a High-level Expert Group which she chaired on "Crisis and Change in Latin American" and which the Council fully endorsed.

31. This new strategy of development must embrace the battle against poverty, proper attention to environmental issues and population policies, taking into account the quality of life and the freedom and dignity of individuals and of family life.

35. Latin American military expenditures should be drastically reduced and redirected towards education, health care and other social services.

36. To redress the unjust distribution of income, excessively protectionist policies must be abandoned. Poverty alleviation in the rural areas is unlikely to be successful without efficient agrarian reform and a proper land tenure system, avoiding at the same time latifundia and unproductive minifundia, allocating more resources in credit and technical assistance, and modernising practices and production patterns.

7. The fight against drug trafficking and drug addiction must be a priority for the entire world community, as these phenomena undermine social stability and political security, distort economic processes and represent a dangerous risk to the physical and mental health of peoples. The burden cannot be placed on the shoulders of the Latin American countries alone. The production of drugs will not be stopped unless the demand is drastically curbed, especially in developed countries. Clear and monitorable objectives must jointly be formulated by producing and consumer nations to establish an effective international programme to combat drugtrafficking in all its stages - production, refinement, trade and consumption. We call upon all governments and the United Nations to include the drug problem in their efforts to maintain peace.

38. Poverty flows from ignorance and an inadequate educational system is a main contributing factor. The effective management of the educational system is crucial for all developing countries. The internal efficiency of education must be ensured and the overall cost-effectiveness of the system enhanced. Countries will have to do more with less.

39. Educational efforts should concentrate on two areas:

a) a significant improvement in the quality of primary education, preferably through raising the quality of primary school teachers;

b) investment into higher education given the direct relationship between the quality of higher education and the level of development of a country.

40. Democracy and the respect for human rights have been restored or improved in many countries of the continent. Yet, this has coincided with economic decline. At prevailing levels of illiteracy and poverty, populist solutions may become attractive, endangering any hard won stability. This is why progress in democracy has to go hand in hand with economic recovery, eradication of absolute poverty, and a more equitable social order.

41. In addition to improvements of representative democracy and the protection of human rights, a more participatory democracy must be encouraged. Modernisation of political parties, efficient involvement of different types of organisation of the civil society and adequate and decentralized mediation between political power and social movements are needed.

42. The ongoing redefinition of the role of the state should enhance governability and reinforce legitimacy by drawing on the private sector and society as a whole. Increased reliance on market mechanisms should be joined by efficient State regulation, in order to induce proper social equilibrium, environmental priorities, and longterm development goals.

43. While the recurrence of excessive state intervention in the direct management of the economy should be avoided, the privatisation of public enterprises cannot be a goal per se. Public monopolies should not be replaced by private monopolies or by dominance of foreign interests.

44. The weakening position of Latin America in the world economy makes the pursuit of integration fundamental to increasing competitiveness and the ability of the Continent to penetrate international markets. Any integration entails redistribution of political, social and economic power among different groups of society and different levels of government as well as among the different countries. Sovereignty is thus enlarged in the interest of the development of the continent.

45. The integration process which is underway will develop from progressive arrangement among those sub-regional groups already established. Gradually, these arrangements will converge into a process of integration of the entire continent. Such integration will allow for a better bargaining position vis-a-vis other regional groups thus helping to shape a new global order.

I. Members of the InterAction Council